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Thursday, August 7, 2008

10 (Most) Stunning Bridges Around The World


Bridges have long been a thing of fascination in the human mind because of what they connote: connection. Even though much of our communication is carried out via email or telephone, we are still nonetheless a sociable bunch. We go places, see things, visit people and experience life, all of which requires movement and interaction. Bridges are therefore a facilitator of connection in the broad mesh of human social life.

Continuing on from our previous exploration of 18 Stunning Bridges we take a further look at 10 more of the oldest, newest, biggest and best bridges in existence today from around the globe.

Puente del Alamillo, Sevill



Puente del Alamillo:Easiest translated into English as ‘The Alamillo Bridge’, Puente del Alamillo crosses the Canal de Alfonso XIII in Seville, and was built to provide access to La Cartuja island, the site of the World’s Fair in 1992. Designed by Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava, the bridge is noted for its striking design, a huge pylon which, with the aid of 13 connecting cables, counterbalances the 200m main bridge span.

The bridge is renowned for looking particularly spectacular at night time when lit up, and is supposed to represent the ësoaring aspirations’ of the city itself. Originally, the bridge was designed as half of a pair, the symmetrical reproduction of the current construction to go at the other end of the island. However, designers decided the current one pylon construction was more spectacular aesthetically, and the sister bridge was abandoned.

Stari Most, Mostar



Stari Most: Commissioned originally by Suleman the Magnificent in 1557, Stari Most connects the two parts of the city of Mostar in Bosnia-Herzegovina, crossing the River Neretva. In 1993, during the Bosnian War, the bridge was destroyed by the Croatian Council of Defence, however its reconstruction was completed in 2004 and the bridge still stands proud today.

Popular with locals and tourists alike as a platform to dive from, the bridge is 24m above the river below, 4m wide and 30m long. It is supported by two limestone abutments which connect to wing walls along the water cliffs, each erected to a height of 6.53m. The unusual hump shape of the bridge is claimed to be caused by buckles in the inner arch, allowing for its unique and photogenic appearance.

Rio Antirio Bridge, Greece



Rio Antirio bridge:If ever a construction deserved recognition for the sheer difficulty of the task, the Rio Antirio bridge in Greece must be it. It is impressive in itself that is boasts the second longest cable-stayed deck in the world at 2.252m, beaten only by the Millau viaduct in France, but such an achievement is only enhanced by the conditions placed on the construction. The piers which support the bridge could not be buried in the 65m deep seabed, made up of mostly loose sediment, thus a painstakingly levelled bed of gravel was laid under water to provide something for them to rest on. The risk of seismic activity and tectonic plate movement also had to be taken into account, with the piers able to move laterally underwater in the event of an earthquake allowing the gravel beds to absorb the vast majority of the shock.

The parts of the bridge itself are connected using jacks and dampers, allowing for movement of the parts during an earthquake without seriously damaging the bridge structure itself. Opened just in time for the Athens Olympics in 2004, the bridge is perhaps one of the most spectacular of its kind as far as engineering is concerned in the world.

Brooklyn Bridge, New York City



Brooklyn Bridge:Upon its completion in 1883, Brooklyn Bridge was the largest suspension bridge in the world, and was generally considered as one of the most technically spectacular achievements of the day. The bridge soon developed into a vital transport link between Manhattan and Brooklyn, and is still used extensively today with over 140,000 people crossing the bridge, whether it be in the car or on foot, on a daily basis.

The bridge was originally designed by prolific German bridge designer John Augustus Roebling and is generally considered as his greatest achievement, although he didn’t actually live to see the bridge completed. Ill health also disabled his son, Washington, who inherited the project from his father, and it was left to Washington’s wife, Emily, to oversee project completion. Roebling’s design legacy however was vital in the bridge’s longevity; he designed the bridge ’six times stronger’ than it needed to be, which is why it remains fully functioning today, 125 years after construction finished, when other bridges of the same era built with a similar lack of technology have perished.

Mackinac Bridge, Michigan



Mackinac Bridge:The Mackinac Bridge, often referred to affectionately as ‘Mighty Mac’ or ‘Big Mac’, connects the Upper and Lower Peninsulas of the US State of Michigan, and its 8,614 feet suspended length makes it the longest suspension bridge in the Americas. Although the bridge itself is just over half a century old (construction having been completed in 1957), plans to cross the straits of Mackinac originally emerged as a reaction to the opening of the Brooklyn Bridge in 1883, with locals happy to facilitate easier crossing of the waters.

Two years after the $99.8 million construction was completed, US Air Force pilot Captain John Lappo lost his flying privileges after taking his plane underneath the bridge, its 200m vertical clearance violating rules on flying altitudes. For a slightly safer (and legal) way to enjoy the view, the bridge functions as a $3 toll for Interstate 75 today.

Chesapeake Bay Bridge Tunnel, Fayetteville



Chesapeake Bay Bridge Tunnel:Although not strictly a bridge on its own, the Chesapeake Bay Bridge Tunnel (CBBT) simply has to be included because of its sheer size and engineering prowess; it was labelled as ‘One of Seven Engineering Wonders of the Modern World’ in 1965. Stretching to around 23km, CBBT is the primary way of crossing the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay, and connects Virginia Beach / Norfolk with Virginia’s eastern shore via a series of bridges and tunnels.

Construction began in 1960, to be completed 4 years later, and the $200 million project was funded completely by private toll revenue bonds. In 1995, for almost the same cost as the original project, new two-lane parallel trestles were added to decrease traffic volume, although plans to replace the two underwater tunnels were scrapped as cost estimations came in at an enormous $900 million.

The Sunshine Skyway Bridge, Tampa Bay



Sunshine Skyway Bridge:With its 5.5 mile length, the Sunshine Skyway Bridge in Florida is the longest cable-main stayed bridge in the world and cost an enormous $244 million to build, construction being completed in 1987. This steel and concrete structure is supported by 12 steel cables, each one clad in 9 inch steel tubes. However problems arose when the steel inside the concrete precast segments began to corrode, but workers were able to get inside the hollow segments and provide vital reinforcement.

In 1980, a freighter collided with one of the bridge’s support columns, causing a section of the bridge to collapse into Tampa Bay, sending six cars and a Greyhound bus into the water from a height of 150 feet. Of the 36 people involved, only one survived, although he did managed to sue the freight company for a hefty $175,000!

Confederation Bridge, Canada



Confederation Bridge: Although aesthetically the Confederation Bridge may not be able to compete with other bridges on the list, its size and the amount of effort which went into its construction more than make up for its physical beauty. The idea to cross the Northumberland Strait with a ‘fixed link’, as opposed to the increasingly inefficient ferry service, had been around for a number of years, but it wasn’t until the 1980s that plans began to develop to link Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick.

The bridge was finally completed in 1997, at a total cost of $1.3 billion. It is supported by 62 piers, the majority of which keep the bridge around 40 metres above sea level, although there is a 60m peak which allows shipping traffic to pass underneath. The bridge will be managed privately until 2032, when management will be handed over to the Government of Canada.

Verrazano-Narrows Bridge, New York City



Verrazano-Narrows bridge:Named after Giovanni da Verrazano, the first man to sail into New York Harbour, the Verrazano-Narrows bridge connects Brooklyn and Staten Island, and was the world’s longest suspension bridge upon completion in 1964. Each of the enormous towers weighs 27,000 tonnes, and they are further apart from one another at their tops than at their bases, as the 4,260ft distance between them forced construction to compensate for the earth’s curvature. However, it is the steel cables which allow for the more interesting reading, as the expansion of the metal makes the bridge a full 12ft lower is summer than in the winter months.

New River Gorge Bridge, West Virginia



New River Gorge Bridge:Built in 1974, the New River Gorge Bridge is the world’s second highest vehicular bridge, second only to the Milau Viaduct in France. It’s unpainted steel appearance may not make it that spectacular to look at, but it saves what would have been the $1 million needed to regularly repaint bridge, and more often than not, it’s not the bridge you find yourself looking at.

876 feet above the New River rapids, the bridge is 3,030ft long and offers spectacular views of the gorge below, one of the largest draws for those who flock to the bridge on the third Saturday of October each year to celebrate ‘Bridge Day’, an annual tradition which halts Highway 19’s traffic for the day as base jumpers and abseilers take full advantage of the picturesque location for an adrenaline rush.

Wednesday, August 6, 2008

11 Spectacular Tunnels From Around the Underworld



Whereas the bridge steals the headlines for its aesthetics and breathtaking views, its brother the tunnel is often unfairly overlooked. But however unglamorous it may be, the tunnel is still a hugely important way of transporting our cars and trains, and often takes on the jobs the bridge simply can’t handle. So as a sign of respect for their often uncelebrated achievements, we’ve put together a list of those tunnels which without doubt deserve your respect.



Eiksund Tunnel:Although still under construction the Eiksund Tunnel in Norway is already the deepest underwater tunnel in the world at 942ft below sea level. At 4.8 miles long, the tunnel will service the areas of Heroy, Sande, Ulstein and Hareid. The reinforcement of this mammoth tunnel has already consumed around 172,000 square foot of concrete. More than 1,300 tonnes of explosives and a staggering 5 million blast holes were used to blast out the route. The tunnel was originally intended to be opened to the public in July of 2007, but numerous delays have pushed the date back into 2008.



Guadarrama Tunnel:The Guadarrama Tunnel is part of the Spanish high speed rail network connecting Madrid and Valladolid and is one of the most important travel links in Spain.Crossing the Sierra de Guadarrama mountain peninsula, this double fornix tunnel is 16.5 miles long, with the widest of the two tunnels 33ft in diameter. The construction contract was signed in 2001, and work began soon after using a Tunnel Boring Machine, although progress was delayed by especially hard rock formations. The tunnel cost around $1.6 billion to build and upon completion, trains will be able to pass through at maximum speeds of 217mph.



Lotschberg Base Tunnel:Constructed to reduce heavy truck traffic on Swiss roads, the Lotschberg Base Tunnel allows vehicles to be loaded onto trains in Germany, carried through Switzerland and unloaded in Italy, as well as providing a quicker route for tourists skiing in the Alps. The world’s longest land tunnel was revealed in an opening ceremony in June 2007. It lies a further 400m under the existing Lotschberg Tunnel. The 21.5 mile tunnel aims to carry 110 trains a day, with tilt passenger trains able to pass through at a speed of 200mph.



Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya Line:Often omitted from tunnel lists as it is in fact a metro line, the Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya Line’s 25.5 mile length makes it the longest subway route in the world, so we feel it deserves some recognition. Originally opened in 1983, the line has been the subject of numerous expansions and lengthening until it achieved its well deserved title in 2007. It cuts the city of Moscow completely into two on a north-south axis, and has a total of 25 stops along an extensive journey through the Russian capital.



Gotthard Road Tunnel:It seems that in tunnel building the Swiss have found their calling (alongside chocolate and banks, of course), as the Gotthard Road Tunnel is one of the most heavily vehicle-travelled tunnels in the world. The Gotthard Road Tunnel comes in second behind its aforementioned compatriot the Lotschberg Base Tunnel in the list of the world’s longest land tunnels, with a total length of approximately 10.5 miles. As an important part of the Hamburg to Sicily transport route, estimates suggest the tunnel is used by at least 1.2 million trucks per annum, hence the chaos that ensued when two trucks collided in 2001 causing a fire within the tunnel, killing 11 people and closing the tunnel for the following two months. The tunnel now enforces a minimum 500ft distance between two lorries to avoid further catastrophe.



Cu Chi Tunnel:As far as tunnels go, none can have had more impact on one country that the Cu Chi Tunnel network in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. This 46.5 mile long system of secret tunnels was an invaluable asset to the Vietnamese in their war against the USA that functioned as a military base of operations, planning and storage for the National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam’s infamous Tet Offensive in 1968. The network was also an invaluable communications link for NLF troops, and as time went by, developed from being merely a set of underground tunnels to contain kitchens, medical facilities and sleeping quarters; poor air quality and insect infestation made conditions extremely harsh. The tunnels have been properly reinforced and are open to tourists today as a war museum. The Cu Chi tunnel network was never actually officially commissioned, but building commenced in 1948 to defend against the French.



Tokyo Bay Aqualine Tunnel:An integral part of the Tokyo Bay Aqualine, the Tokyo Bay Tunnel is a 5.9 mile long link between Kawasaki City and Kisarazu City that, along with a 2.75 mile long bridge and a completely artificial island, makes up the Trans-Tokyo Bay Highway. The Highway opened in 1997 and saves commuters a tedius 62 mile journey through the congested heart of Tokyo. The shield tunnel has the largest diameter of its kind in the world at 45.5ft for two lanes of traffic as well as vital protection and sturdiness in this highly earthquake prone area.



Seikan Tunnel:The 33.4 mile long Seikan Tunnel is the longest mixed use road / rail tunnel in the world to link the two Japanese islands of Honshu and Hokkaido. The track itself is sunk 747ft beneath the water, making it the deepest of its kind in the world. Commissioned in 1955 after turbulence on the Tsugaru Strait sunk a ferry and killed 1,430 passengers, usual tunnel boring machinery could not be used on unpredictable terrain underneath the water; workers used over 2,800 tonnes of explosives to painstakingly drill their way through a particularly earthquake prone area. The labourious process was eventually completed in 1983 at the expense of 34 lives and $5 billion. However, the recent advent of low fare air travel has made the tunnel almost redundant.



Laerdal Tunnel:The Laerdal Tunnel in Norway is a real feat of engineering that provides an invaluable link between the Bergen area and Eastern Norway, especially as winter conditions make the 6,000ft tall surrounding mountains simply too difficult to cross. At 15.2 miles long the Laerdal Tunnel is the longest road tunnel in the world. 200,000 16.5ft steel bolts hold it place and 376,736 square feet of concrete was poured to support the ceilings and walls. The monotonous 20 minute drive is purposely interrupted by 3 large caverns, which allow for a change of scenery for the driver and a chance to rest when tired. It is also the only tunnel in the world to have its own air treatment plant, situated 6 miles from Aurland, which removes dust and nitrogen oxide from the tunnel’s air supply!



North East MRT Line:Singapore’s North East MRT Line became the world’s first completely underground, automated and driver-less rapid transit line when completed at a cost $5 billion in 2002. The 12.5 mile long track connects central Singapore with the north-eastern part of the island. Each of the 16 stations were designed individually by the Art in Transit project, so each station has a unique style and identity. It takes approximately 30 minutes to complete the journey along the 4ft, 8inch gauge track operated by the SBS Transit Limited. Plans to expand the whole MRT network are currently in motion.



Channel Tunnel:One of the most celebrated engineering achievements of the modern era, the Channel Tunnel aka Chunnel holds the records for having the longest undersea tunnel section in the world (23.5 miles). It is also the longest international tunnel in the world and the second longest rail tunnel, its 31.5 mile length falling short of the Seikan Tunnel’s benchmark. Although the idea to build a permanent route across the channel dates back over 200 years, the tunnel wasn’t opened to the public until 1994. It consists of three parallel tunnels catering for freight trains and vehicle shuttles, as well as perhaps most importantly providing a Eurostar link between London,Paris and Brussels. At the deepest point the Channel Tunnel is 197ft beneath the seabed, which helps explain the reported £10 billion over-run on construction. The company that runs the trains through the tunnel, Euro Tunnel, have been in debt practically from the start. However, the tunnel has been gaining in popularity as track improvements made on the line to improve speeds into central London have come online.

Sunday, August 3, 2008

10 Best Drunkers Photos After Drinking

Let's face it, we have all been really drunk and made some mistakes. This is part of being human. The good news is that a lot of times, when you act a fool, your friends are in a similar state of mind and probably weren't concerned with you being you. Unfortunately, the mass proliferation of digital camera ownership increases the chance that your douchery will be forever remembered. So while you and your buddies may not remember how stupid you acted, fake humping Marty at the club, or pissing your girlfriend (at the time)'s bed, the camera always will. It is time to start stepping up your drunk game so you won't end up like these poor fools below.

Have you been caught in one of these situations?

The Chief

Ah, the classic tale of revenge. You have been a dickhole all night, starting fights, slapping girls asses and missing the toilet with your projectile vomit. Everyone hates you, and now is their chance to show it. It beings innocently with a dick drawing on the cheek, then a few strategically placed “I heart penis” notations. But when you wake up, your underwear have been cut off of your lifeless body and you look like a walking Pollock painting…it might be time to send out a mass text and check if you still have any friends.

The Dirty Dancer

Though your dance session seemed “so hot” last night, I can assure you that the photo documentation was not.

Girls: “Backing it up” was indeed a safe foreplay maneuver, but didn’t do much for your pride. You basically got dry humped doggy-style in public view.

Guys: When on the dance floor at a club, more times than not, you look like you are either a) attempting to sink your haunches into a lucky lady the way a hyper poodle does to his owners leg or b) holding on for dear life because you have no idea what she is doing with her hips. Also, resist the urge to “throw your hands in the air” when the cameras are out as your armpits are usually sweating like you just took four hits of Ecstasy.

The Usurper

You know what they say: If you can’t party with them, party AROUND them. This rogue clubber seems to find his way into the background of everyone else’s photos, making his presence known typically with a peace sign, a “peace out” sign, or the “rock on” horns. Who is this guy? What happened to his friends? Doesn’t he work the Carl’s Jr. drive-thru? No one really knows the answers to these questions. What we do know is that he is hell-bent on fucking up the photos of all patrons better looking and more popular than him.

The Public Display of Erection

You're a stud right? Got your sweet hair cut, and a casual button-down shirt that tells the ladies that you’re no slob...but also that you don't take life out of the office too seriously. Weekends = Party time. Oh Yeah! We're going out tonight boys and we're going to raise hell. You spend all night buying hot girls drinks but too no avail and start to get a bit loose yourself...thinking there's got to be a girl in this spot that's as hammered as you are.

Then you find her and start dirty dancing to Best of Summer Hits 2003 (you use a dance you learned while in Cabo during that year's Spring Break to woo her), and the next thing you know you are playing tonsil hockey in the middle of a crowded room and hands start a wandering. You’re having fun, you are in the prime of your life. No big deal right? Sure buddy. Until the picture of you motor-boating a stranger finds its way to the company mail server.

The Toilet Sleeper

We all like to relax while on the pot, but for god’s sake, maintain consciousness. A more humiliating situation does not exist than being discovered by your friends, hunched over and comatose, with your pants around you ankles. No one can blame the photographer. Any way you look at it, the scenario is a banner moment that must be captured. Then again, it is tough to blame the victim either. You drank a lot of beer, so you are drunk…you want to sit. You also need a place to excrete the liquid waste from the beer. You walk into the bathroom and BAM! There is a place to sit WHILE excreting liquid waste. Who thought of this? Brilliant! And it is so comfort a…

The Pissed Pants

The loss of control of basic bodily functions is something that should be kept off film at all costs. It can only mean one of two things. Either your body has most completely shut down due to your consumption of alcohol, or your foresight was so poor that you were unable to allocate proper time to find a restroom around the time your bladder reached max capacity. However, this girl seems to be an expert in damage control. Once the deed is done, your best strategy is to curl up in the fetal position to minimize your shame. On the up side of things, that cute flannel you are wearing is going to look great with your boyfriend’s mesh gym shorts from 7th grade.

The Crime Scene

This was not a funny charade. You were not just resting for a minute. You were out…all the way out. So much so that you became the party’s project. Congratulations! Your friends rallied around your conked-out corpse and gave you a proper burial. On the positive side, they have enough respect for you to not write all over your lifeless body. On the negative side, you still suck.

The Crash and Burn

The fact that we humans were given the materials to produce alcohol and only two legs on which to balance is God’s ultimate cruel joke. The sidewalk might as well be a sheet of ice covered in baby oil; no man stands a chance. The important thing is that we are all in this together, and you have friends to pick you up when you fall, right after snapping a picture of your pathetic ass on the ground.

 Beer Goggles

Everyone has been there. Or at least most have. The night is coming to a close. Your sure thing turned out to not be that sure of a thing, or you are newly singled and looking to 'mingle'. In the back of your mind you know that you have to get drunk enough to make out with any of these seahogs, they all look the same in the dark right? And in the morning, after a small bout of self-loathing...you can quietly sneak out of the room and have one of your friends (or a cab?) come pick you up from her house... The best part about it, is that you went to a bar where your friends are never at and partied with people you don't know. It's cool; no one will ever know. Right? Wrong. Your thoughtless debauchery has been immortalized in order to educate future generations on both the merits of contraceptives, and what alcohol can do to your motor skills as well as your standards.


The Switch Hitter

What is it about alcohol that encourages everyone to switch teams? Kinsey…you got anything on this? Girls start making out with each other and boys start fake bf-ing as soon as the cameras come out. I am all for the dropping of inhibitions whilst under the influence, but the latent homoeroticism of these photos is not what you want to be sharing with your gym partner the next day over a Creatine shake. Maybe you can try to release just a bit of that sexual repression before you are 7 keg stands deep.

Sunday, July 27, 2008

Mysteries Of World's Lost Cities

Machu Picchu, Peru

Mysteries Of World's Lost Cities

Although the archaeological discovery of Machu Picchu came nearly a hundred years ago, historians are still unsure of the function of this ancient Inca citadel.

The Inca had no system of writing and left no written records, and archaeologists have been left to piece together bits of evidence as to why Machu Picchu was built, what purpose it served, and why it was so quickly vacated.

Petra, Jordan

Mysteries Of World's Lost Cities

The breathtaking city of Petra was a vibrant trading hub that vanished from most maps in the seventh century A.D. It lay beneath a thousand years of dust and debris when, in 1812, a Swiss scholar disguised as a Bedouin trader identified the ruins as the ancient Nabataean capital.
Spread throughout a series of remote desert canyons in southern Jordan, Petra arose more than 2,000 years ago at the crossroads of key caravan trade routes between Arabia, Syria, Palestine, and Egypt. The Nabataeans carved most of the sprawling city's buildings, including temples, tombs, and theaters, directly into the region's towering red sandstone cliffs. Here, a Bedouin walks his camel past Petra's most famous building, Al Khazneh, or the Treasury.

Mohenjo Daro, Pakistan

Mysteries Of World's Lost Cities

The Indus Valley civilization was entirely unknown until 1921, when excavations in what would become Pakistan revealed the cities of Harappa and Mohenjo Daro (shown here).

This mysterious culture emerged nearly 4,500 years ago and thrived for a thousand years, profiting from the highly fertile lands of the Indus River floodplain and trade with the civilizations of nearby Mesopotamia.

Palmyra, Syria

Mysteries Of World's Lost Cities

There is evidence that the ancient city of Palmyra, also known as Tadmor, was in existence as far back as the 19th century B.C. Its importance grew around 300 B.C. as trading caravans began using it as a way station between Mesopotamia and Persia. Palmyra's strategic location and prosperity attracted the interest of the Romans, who took control of the city in the first century A.D.

Palenque, Mexico

Mysteries Of World's Lost Cities

The earliest Maya began to settle the dense rain forests of southwestern Mexico and Guatemala some 3,000 years ago. For nearly 1,400 years, settlements arose throughout the region, with some, like Tikal and Palenque (shown here), expanding into large, vibrant city-states.

Ancient Troy

Mysteries Of World's Lost Cities

Myth, folklore, mystery, and intrigue surround the ancient city of Troy like no other ruin on Earth. Once thought to be purely imaginary, a prop in Homer's epic poem The Iliad, excavations in northwestern Turkey in 1871 eventually proved that the city indeed existed.

In 1871, German adventurer Heinrich Schliemann began digging at Hisarlik, Turkey, (shown here) in search of the fabled city. His roughshod excavation wrought havoc on the site, but revealed nine ancient cities, each built on top of the next and dating back some 5,000 years. At the time, most archaeologists were skeptical that Troy was among the ruins, but evidence since the discovery suggests the Trojan capital indeed.